Government Control and Subsidy of Energy vs. Private Sector Investment Essay Example for Free

Government Control and Subsidy of Energy versus Private Sector Investment Essay A sponsorship is an installment from the administration to a business to support the ceaseless use or improvement of an innovation or item that is viewed as helpful or useful to the general public. Frequently, the cash (or endowments) is coming legitimately from citizens. This is the place Milton Friedman’s signature express, â€Å"there’s nothing of the sort as a free lunch† comes in to play. A unit of an item or administration might be free for one individual, a person or thing is bearing an open door cost. Right now, sustainable power sources, for example, wind and sunlight based force are being financed by generally $24 billion every year due to the apparent natural advantages that accompany â€Å"green† advancements. Be that as it may, sustainable power source organizations, for example, Solyndra have failed and the legislature has upheld them to keep them running by means of endowments. The contention for proceeding with these sponsorships is that breeze and sunlight based are still in the beginning up stage in the mechanical world and have not yet arrived at enormous scope markets. Shockingly, it is exceptionally improbable that these organizations will ever be to a great extent productive in light of the fact that sustainable power source, with a couple of prohibitions, can't arrive at the gainful market edge that creating plants filled by coal, petroleum gas or atomic can. While the administration attempts to concentrate their help on said sustainable power sources, just giving restricted tax cuts to the private oil organizations, the US private segment has delivered a considerable increment in oil. 2011 was the third sequential year of higher household oil creation and, simultaneously, petroleum gas yield arrived at an unequaled high. In the course of recent years, around 2,000 new openings have been made in the oil and gas industry while business development for sustainable power sources has been constrained, best case scenario. With a large number of the ongoing disappointments of a few sustainable power source organizations, work has declined around there during a few periods. The sustainable business will likewise battle to succeed on the grounds that they depend too vigorously on the administration for help. The legislature has taken billions of dollars and will put it in this industry with next to zero return for the advancement of the economy a nd society. Friedman offers a somewhat wry remark on exercises like this by saying, â€Å"If you put the government accountable for the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a deficiency of sand†. This is a case of lease chasing. Lease looking for is a term, utilized by business analysts, to portray activities that include a political procedure of taking abundance of others and getting basically lost riches. Without the motivating force to contend to collect and addition cash, the sustainable power source industry doesn’t want to create increasingly proficient and financially savvy items or administrations. On the other side of that, since most organizations in the oil business are in the private part, the benefit alone is a huge enough motivating force to flexibly esteemed products and ventures at sensible costs. In the event that private segment organizations don't consistently improve or create, they will rapidly be â€Å"weeded out†. Since the private markets are determinedly serious, they are persistently scanning for the sweet spot in the market that guarantees an enormous and promptly accessible flexibly of vitality and the cleanest yet practicable equalization of the utilization of our c onstrained assets, all at the most minimal value conceivable. Regardless of the way that for over 10 years, there has been an enormous sum direct citizen support, sustainable power source despite everything can't fulfill the market need and, thusly, the appropriations for these territories ought to be essentially decreased if not totally discarded. On the off chance that government officials are really worried about cutting ozone depleting substance discharges, a superior allotment of administrative spending is target sponsorships and motivations towards petroleum gas and atomic force plants. These perfect consuming powers can warm our homes, power our vehicles, and produce power for America’s family units and enterprises significantly more economically and dependably than sustainable power source can. On the off chance that America isn't cautious, it will rapidly fall into buddy free enterprise. Friend free enterprise, in layman terms, is the place private organizations center around doing political favors as opposed to the customer showcase on the grounds that the administration utilizes spending, guidelines, and endowments to profit organizations that offer political help. Rather than attempting to pick victors and failures, the administration should make a serious commercial center with reasonable standards, no endowments, and permit the private part to succeed. One extraordinary part of America is the opportunity to constantly change business techniques and showcasing to adjust to change. Like Milton Friedman stated, â€Å"Many individuals need the administration to secure the shopper. A significantly more dire issue is to shield the customer from the government.†

The Next Generation Space Telescope Essay Example for Free

The Next Generation Space Telescope Essay For a considerable length of time the Hubble Telescope has assumed a urgent job in astronomy’s history.â However, by 2013, the Hubble may bucket in contrast with the Next Generation Space Telescope.â Now known as the James Webb Space Telescope, researchers are cheerful that this Hubble overhaul will demonstrate gainful in propelling space discovery.â This infrared, perception gadget named after NASA’s second executive will be manufactured, kept up, and worked by NASA alongside the assistance of Canadian and European space affiliations (NASA, 2007).â With the conditional date of June 2013, researchers are anxiously anticipating a dispatch that will happen off the Ariane 5 rocket (European, 2007). With its strategic characterized, the Webb Telescope will search for proof to validate the Big Bang Theory.â Also, while contemplating the stars and other heavenly bodies, they would like to reveal the roots of the systems (Birth, 2007). Exploiting the Webb Telescope’s new optic abilities will do this.â The new degree will have an essential mirror that is multiple times bigger than that of the Hubble Scope (NASA, 2007).â This mirror will be contained various portions, all of which will unfurl post launch.â These fragments will be superbly situated using micrometers. The telescope additionally contains an Integrated Science Instrument Module. This module is made out of a Near Infrared Camera, a Near Infrared Spectrograph, and a Mid Infrared instrument.â These properties will permit the telescope to be light delicate from a frequency of .6 to 27 micrometers.â Webb’s telescope will have such visual keenness that â€Å"we can see subtleties the size of a U.S. penny a good ways off of around 24 miles† (NASA, 2007 ). â This telescope’s visual limit is incredible to such an extent that it can even distinguish the faintest of objects.â With the desire for examining the principal stars and worlds of the universe, the extension has been intended to see bodies up to multiple times more than the Hubble (NASA, 2007). When the entirety of the pictures and information have been gathered, they will be sent to earth by means of a higher recurrence radio transmitter. Be that as it may, for this to happen, certain precautionary measures must be taken.â The close to infrared instruments work at 30 Kelvin while the mid infrared instruments work at 7 Kelvin (Koris, 2007) To suit this, coverings will be made to shield the extension from the sun’s brutal glare.â The shades will decrease the telescope temperature up to 50 Kelvin, taking into account all hardware to work properly.â â Precautions like these are fundamental, as the Webb telescope won't be functional like the Hubble Telescope (NASA, 2007). Dissimilar to the Hubble that is just 600 kilometers away, the Webb telescope is some 1.5million kilometers from the earth and a long ways past a space transports reach. With an expected expense ofâ $35 million dollars, the Webb Telescope went into its first plan stage and by the late spring of 2007 it is theorized that the telescope will go into its second and more meticulous structure phase.â â Scientists have high trusts in the James Webb Space Telescope.â â NASA (2007) even expressed, â€Å"JWST [James Webb Space Telescope] will be the head observatory of the following decade, serving a huge number of cosmologists around the world. It will concentrate each stage throughout the entire existence of our Universe, extending from the primary brilliant shines after the Big Bang, to the arrangement of heavenly bodies equipped for supporting life on planets like Earth, to the advancement of our own Solar System† (NASA, 2007). Works Cited Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems 2007, Available at  â â â â â â â â â â http://jwstsite.stsci.edu/science/starbirth.shtml European Space Agency 2007, James Webb Space Telescope Overview,  â â â â â â â â â â Available at http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120370_index_0_m.html Koris, Sally 2007, ‘James Webb Space Telescope Sunshield Membrane Passes  â â â â â â â â â â Critical Space-Readiness Testes’, Available at  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases NASA 2007, The James Webb Space Telescope, Available at http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/whois.html

i saw you

i saw you i absolutely love the blogs, but there are a number of other places to vicariously ride the ups and downs of MIT. they cant tell you if youll get into MIT, they dont have any formal advice about navigating the treacherous requirements each semester spits at you, but theres a lot to glean from the comments. of course, the platforms all have some kind of bias. theyre moderated, but not rigorously. they show that my peers are clever, enduring, innovative and thoughtfulâ€"and sometimes immature, petty and enjoy a good sexual innuendo or two. as i share these not-so-public-not-so-private collages of MIT, i feel like im opening pandoras box. you are still forming your opinions of MIT. maybe releasing all the evils of MIT is risky. 1) MIT Confessions clever. heartbreakingly honest, sometimes immature, sometimes so college. and always so embarrassingly MIT? were lucky to have some people share their good news. there are upsetting experiences. and lighthearted confessions, and poignant observations with a generous sprinkling of impostor syndrome. 2) isawyou   isawyou is not as prolific as it once was, and today its occupied by relatively more trolls than MIT Confessions, which has probably driven away a few writers. its often times a lot raunchier, sillier, pettier but still entertaining. its the MTV of MITâ€"a guilty pleasure that some people are able to ignore, but many enjoy. isawyou attracts some poets, hopeless romantics and people trying to share a shy compliment. 3) Humans of MIT a project started by our very own emad (and talented company) based on humans of new york. its lucky to share uniquely intimate MIT stories documented by talented interviewers, photographers and writers. 4) Robots of MIT self described as MIT, one robot at a time.  Inspired by Brandon Stantons Humans of New York.  Interviews are 100% real. Photos are 100% not mine. at the bottom of pandoras box, after all the evils were released, there was hope. i think youll find a lot of hope nestled between these confessions and stories. MIT is taxing, but it gets easier when you not only find people who care about you, but you learn to care for others. practicing that is one of the best things you can do to prepare for MIT.

The Five Concepts From Resilient Leaders - 964 Words

This paper combines the five concepts from Resilient Leaders that Group 4 has considered important: Vision, Character Counts: Integrity, Leader Will Have Tribulations, Leader and Crisis, Leader Self-Care. It discusses each topic and how they relate to Organizational Management and Leadership; and it also presents three scriptures that sum up the responsibilities of a leader. Vision Organizations are formed for a common purpose, a common goal. Vision is a clear focus on future endeavors, goals and objectives that propel the leader and the followers forward with expectation and perseverance. The vision is well embraced at an early stage in the process when the leader allows the team to discover and own it (Dees, 2013). Jack Welch, former chairman and CRO of General Electric said: â€Å"Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision, and relentlessly drive it to completion†. To be a resilient leader, one must focus on the present while working toward a future end goal. It is imperative for visionary leaders to brief the followers on the vision. The lack of vision will cause followers to sink into the lowest common denominators of lawlessness, discontent, and even self-destruction (Dees, 2015, p158). Having a vision allows a leader to strive to meet milestone checkpoints along the way. Thus, followers can gauge how the organization is performing and enjoy the satisfaction of working hard to meet an end result. Character Counts: IntegrityShow MoreRelatedA Leader s Leadership After A Crisis Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesreading for this assignment covered chapters five through seven of Resilient Leaders. Dees (2014), in this week’s video, says that crisis defines the character of the leader. A leader will need to be wise, affirming, seek historical parallels, shield his subordinates, and lead by example. Dees (2014) said leadership during a crisis is the result of preparation; a person does not become a leader by accident. Three Concepts The three important concepts from this week’s reading are leadership beforeRead MoreA Note On Vision, And Empowering Others1164 Words   |  5 Pagesin times of crisis states, â€Å"crisis defines the character of the leader† (Dees, 2013, p.204). He shares three important questions that should be considered by any leading through crisis. â€Å"Do you know your soldiers?† â€Å"Do your soldiers know your voice?† â€Å"Do your troops know you need them?† These key questions are answered through the concepts of leading with vision, Leading by example, and empowering others (page ref). Three Concepts Based upon the governing of the group charter and the consensusRead MoreLeadership Is A Key Factor Of Leadership1326 Words   |  6 Pagesprimarily focuses on opportunities for change and advancement. This concept is important because leadership is more than just a position of authority. Leadership is all about the influence, talents, and capabilities of an individual. According to Hargreaves (2007), a distributed perspective on leadership acknowledges the work of anyone who contribute to leadership practice, whether or not they are formally designated or defined as leaders. Leadership roles and years of experience is not the main focusRead MoreToxic Leadership And Climate Defines The Critical Leadership Problem Within 4th Abct1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthe BCT using the 7 Step Model. Furthermore, I will place a great deal of emphasis on a specific portions of the Rocket Model, Organizational Culture â€Å"Iceberg†, and correcting the Five Dysfunctions of a Team Framing the Problem with 4th ABCT/Initial Assessment: The 4th ABCT has numerous issues preventing the BCT from regaining past title as one of the best BCT in the division. However, I quickly realized in my assessment prior to taking command that this is directly linked to the previous commandRead MoreToxic Leadership And Climate Defines The Critical Leadership Problem Within 4th Abct1724 Words   |  7 Pages Beau S. Vomastic Developing Organizations and Leaders Exam 24C, L100 Leadership Essay 29OCT14 Toxic leadership and climate defines the critical leadership problem within 4th ABCT. In conjunction, a lack of care for Soldiers and their families, favoritism, SHARP issues, and hazing have caused a unit to lose all trust in the previous Command Team. To combat these issues I will develop and implement my vision and a way ahead for the BCT using the 7 Step Model. Furthermore, I willRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1123 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibilities from the first responders to the Federal government and the White House; all of which results in a more secure and resilient nation. It is everyone’s job in a community to ensure preparedness to keep the Nation safe from harm, and resilient when struck by hazards, such as pandemics, natural and man-made (accidental/intentional) disasters, and pandemics. There is a preparedness mission for each mission area in the National Planning Frameworks – the overall goal is a â€Å"secure and resilient nationRead MoreEducation in 1954: Separating Mexican American Students from White Students1335 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: When teaching any grade, it is imperative to know the students you are teaching and where they came from. What I enjoy most about teaching is finding out what motivates my students to learn; I find that once a student is motivated to learn, there is no stopping them. When teaching literacy to Spanish-speaking students, motivation plays a key factor to their academic success. As literacy specialists, we need to understand how important a student’s motivation can affect his or her learningRead More`` Resilient Leaders `` : The Three Concepts I Found Most Important Commodity On The Battlefield782 Words   |  4 PagesAfter reading chapters five, six and seven of the book â€Å"Resilient Leaders†, the three concepts I found most interesting that General Dees discussed are Condition Setting, Shielding Subordinates/ Leading by Example, and being a Merchant of Hope. Condition Setting Dees uses Condition Setting in an infantry context stating that â€Å"it recognizes that soldiers are the most important commodity on the battlefield† (Dees, 2013, p. 152). In a business setting, this translates to an organizations employeesRead MorePersonal Integrity, Trustworthiness, And Credibility1556 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed is personal integrity which encompasses ethical standards, trustworthiness, and credibility (Carroll, 2005). In many studies, honesty is identified as the most important characteristics of an admired leader (Carroll, 2005). Honesty is judged by behavior that is consistent in words and deeds and in touch with core values and beliefs (Carroll, 2005). By working towards the DNP degree, I am affirming to myself and others that I value and believe in the profession of nursing and I am a life-longRead MorePersonal Leadership Development Plan Entries1068 Words   |  5 Pages From day of training zero, the significance associated with our self-ass essments was very clear to me. It provided an opportunity to put definitions behind behaviors. Allowing me to see myself from different perspectives, all of my attributes, both good and bad. I also found many lesson concepts relatable to assist me moving forward with my Air Force career. Over the next few pages, I will go into further detain regarding my five focus areas within our personal leadership development plan entries

Summary Of Tweens Ten Going On Fourteen - 953 Words

Amrhein, Lexie SR â€Å"Tweens: Ten Going On Sixteen† Background Born on Christmas Day in Philadelphia, Kay S. Hymowitz is a graduate from Turks University, Brandeis University, and Columbia University. The 66 year old is currently a professor at Brooklyn College and Parsons School of Design. In 2010, she was named William E. Simon fellow at the Manhattan Institute and the contributing editor of City Journal. Hymowitz enjoys writing about American childhood and education. Her books include, Ready or Not: Why Treating Our Children as Small Adults Endangers Their Future and Ours (1999), Liberation’s Children: Parents and Kids in a Postmodern Age (2003), Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age (2006), and Manning Up: How the Rise of Women Has Turned Men Into Boys (2011). Hymowitz is a wife and mother of three. She currently lives in Brooklyn. In 1998, she wrote â€Å"Tweens: Ten Going On Sixteen.† Summary â€Å"Those who seek comfort in the idea that the tweeting of childhood is merely a matter of fashion—who maybe even find their lip-synching, hip-swaying little boy or girl kind of cute—might want to think twice† (11). Hymowitz discusses the image and substance issues that tweens, children from the ages eight to twelve, experience due to vulnerableness and lack of self-esteem and individuality using Nickelodeon, toy manufacturers, and teachers as sources. In the beginning, sheShow MoreRelatedImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 PagesPrinciples Manager as Coach Coach as Facilitator Coaching Managers Through the Appraisal Process 11. Sample Forms A Final Word Selected References Index About the Author 66 79 104 118 128 142 163 179 243 245 247 000 Foreword I was going through the attic recently, sorting through some ancient ï ¬ les. In a pile of old magazines I ran across a tattered copy of ASTD’s Training and Development Journal from 1971. I had saved it because in it was the ï ¬ rst article I ever wrote about performanceRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesYou are inspired, hopeful, accomplished, and eager. You seek per, sonal and professional advancement via an MBA that will prepare you for leadership challenges in any business field. You are aware, however, that Harvard Business School receives about ten thousand applications annually, and you are uncertain how to make your ap.... plication stand out. We understand. We have been in your shoes. This book seeks to demystifythe admissions process for applicants by providing a selective but robust sample

Dating Younger Men Whats in It for You Free Essays

Demi Moore, Madonna, Halle Berry, Mariah Carey, what do these names have in common aside from being famous? They have all dated significantly younger men. These women are always attending parties, events, red carpets, meeting millions of people, so what made them choose the young boy over so many attractive, interesting men around their age? They are â€Å"cougars† some people would say, a term referring to women dating younger man, that according to sex and relationships columnist and writer Valerie Gibson was originated in Vancouver, British Columbia, as â€Å"a put-down for older women who would go to bars and go home with whoever was left at the end of the night. † Twenty years ago this would have been looked at as strange and unusual, but it’s becoming more common every day. We will write a custom essay sample on Dating Younger Men Whats in It for You or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2003 a study by AARP revealed that 34 percent of all women over 40 in the survey were dating younger men, and 35 percent preferred it to dating older men. The most recent U. S. Census Bureau figures show that 12 percent of all marriages were between older women and younger men. What is all the craze about? What makes these young boys so appealing to older ladies? Some of the reasons why women enjoy dating younger men are the control they can exert over them, their sexual empathy, and the feeling of being younger. The first juicy little trait these women enjoy is having more control over their partner if he is younger than with a man at the same age. Older men are set in their ways of thinking, and because of past experiences, they have formed their character and personality and are not looking to change that. Young men are more willing to learn and being told what to do by their woman can give them a sense of stability and protection, which is also appealing for them. Some women have a motherly instinct that can be satisfied by dating someone younger, who they can take care of and at the same time tell them what to do. English writer Oliver James shares a thought in his article, â€Å"Why are so many older women into dating young men†: â€Å"They can use their wisdom to help their young men, while getting a lot back in return. Many young men also enjoy this feature of dating an older lady, which allows them to learn new things and be with a confident woman. (125) Furthermore, another important factor that these women are attracted to is the sensation of feeling young again. Dating a younger man can take them back to their college years and can even increase their ego and self image by realizing that they still attract the interest of a young man. This is the sensation these women experience while dating younger men; in the words of Dr. Jennifer Berman, urologist and expert in women’s sexual health, â€Å"feeling beautiful, feeling attractive, feeling young. Being appreciated as a woman for all that you are and all that you’ve learned and all that you’ve become. This fuels that high self esteem, making them even more attractive to their partner. Last but certainly not least, the compatibility under the sheets. Older women and younger men soon realize that they have something in common that makes the relationship so much better, their sex drive. Online column writer Chuck Ross, points out in his article, â€Å"The Sexual Peak Myth†, how â€Å"men hit their sexual peak at the age of 18 while women hit theirs at 30-35. † He further explains that â€Å"despite literally no scientific support for this theory, this has become â€Å"common knowledge† in our society. This makes complete sense, a women who is dating an older man, maybe in his 40’s or 50’s may have the same reading taste, enjoy listening to the same music and share their interest on visiting museums all over the world, but when it comes to the bedroom, they might be going in completely opposite directions. This issue is obviously non existent with young studs. Self proclaimed cougar and author of Hot Cougar Sex Llona Paris, shares her point of view: â€Å"Flirting with and bedding a hot younger guy can ignite a woman’s confidence. And attention from a beautiful older woman will stroke a man’s ego. A cougar knows what she wants, particularly in the bedroom. And because of her experience in the boudoir, she has a lot to share, which is interesting for younger men. † (78) Yvonne K. Fulright, a writer for Fox News website, on her article â€Å"Sink your teeth into the cougar†, reflects about how young men are aroused by their strong confidence, less inhibited personality and more mature sexuality than younger girls. This makes them look in control and secure about themselves, and they are not shy about sharing what the like in bed, and showing it to their young partners. This further analysis helps the reader understand even better, why young men are more than willing to experiment having a relationship with an older women. Its understandable why some women make this choice, being able to control their partner gives them a sense of security, the benefits of feeling forever young, and the excitement of a having a perfect match inside the bedroom. All this reasons can make a steady long lasting relationship between an older women and a younger man, contrary to what was believed years ago, a successful relationship doesn’t have to be composed of an older more experienced man and a younger wome How to cite Dating Younger Men Whats in It for You, Papers

Invisible Man Essays (859 words) - Invisibility In Fiction

Invisible Man In the novel, The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the narrator of the story, like Siddhartha and Antonius Blok, is on a journey, but he is searching to find himself. This is interesting because the narrator is looking for himself and is not given a name in the book. Like many black people, the narrator of the story faces persecution because of the color of his skin. The journey that the narrator takes has him as a college student as well as a part of the Brotherhood in Harlem. By the end of the book, the narrator decides to hide himself in a cellar, thinking of ways he can get back at the white people. However, in the novel, the man learns that education is very important, he realizes the meaning of his grandfathers advice, and he sees the importance of his invisibility. Through this knowledge that he gains, the narrator gains more of an identity. The narrator of the story knows that education is important, however in the novel he learns just how important it is. The first thing his education brings him is a briefcase made of calfskin, which was given to him by the superintendent for the achievements he had accomplished. Because of this, the briefcase becomes very important to the narrator and he hangs on to it for the whole book, and it is the only thing that he brings with him when he retreats to the cellar to plot against the whites. In the briefcase is a scholarship which was awarded to the narrator to an all black college, which he attends. The scholarship made the narrator very happy because he now had the opportunity to continue his education in an institute of higher learning. Many of the blacks at the time were not well educated and he wanted to do all that he could to not be included in this bunch. Because of his furthered education, he can now be placed a bit higher in the pecking order of society, above the other s tereotypical blacks who lacked education due to a small amount of funding, or because of anything else. The narrator knew the importance of education and wanted to do all that he could to get everything possible. Another realization that helps the narrator gain more of an identity is the realization of his grandfathers advice. Basically the grandfather says to keep fighting and take risks, and never to let anyone beat him. The advice of his grandfather is stuck in the narrators mind ever since he hears them, and then at the funeral of Tod Clifton and when he is betrayed by the Brotherhood, he finally knows what his grandfather was getting at. After this realization, the narrator pretends to be a loyal member of the Brotherhood, but is really trying to take them down from the inside. This is when he starts to fight back. The advice from the grandfather gives a meaning to the life of the narrator, and in a sense, serves as an inspiration to him. And finally, the narrators so-called invisibility plays a role in him finding himself. The invisibility as it relates to the narrator is not a physical invisibility, but instead has a deeper meaning. It can be looked at in three ways. One is that he in invisible from society because he hides himself, another is that he is invisible because he is not always seen as a man because he is black and some people perceive him as more of an animal or something of that nature. And the third way to think of the invisibility is that is means that he has no identity of his own, and therefore is invisible, which ties into the search for himself. Because he does not really have an identity of his own, he takes on the identity of Rhinehart and is able to make himself invisible while sneaking past Ras without being noticed. His invisibility also saves him from the men chasing him with bats at the riots demanding his briefcase. This is more along the lines of a physical invisibility however because he falls into manhole and can not be seen by anyone. Nonetheless it proves to